Table 3 Mean and standard deviations of pre- and post-intervention scores (secondary outcomes) and the number of participants who completed each test/questionnaire

Number of comorbidities

2.75 ± 1.49

9

3.38 ± 1.51

8

2.86 ± 2.12

10

3.43 ± 2.37

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

SPPB—lower extremity function (score)

6.63 ± 2.83

9

7.50 ± 2.51

8

9.57 ± 1.99

10

9.86 ± 2.55

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

Near tandem balance test—balance ^a (seconds)

30.0 ±0.00

3

30.0 ±0.00

8

26.1 ± 10.2

10

23.1 ± 11.7

7

13 (68)

15 (100)

Time up and Go (TUG) (seconds)

12.33 ± 4.20

9

11.85 ± 4.80

8

9.93 ± 4.52

10

9.62 ± 5.15

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

Grip strength (kilograms)

14.5 ± 5.3

9

16.5 ± 5.6

8

15.9 ± 8.9

10

19.4 ± 8.1

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

IconFES—concerns about falling (score)

65.5 ± 17.9

9

63.9 ± 23.5

8

51.9 ± 15.0

10

55.3 ± 17.5

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

PANAS—mood negative affect (score)^a

16.75 ± 4.98

9

15.63 ± 4.63

8

20.00 ± 9.00

10

16.00 ± 6.11

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

PANAS—mood positive affect (score)

33.75 ± 3.62

9

33.13 ± 4.05

8

35.43 ± 10.41

10

39.00 ± 9.09

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

LSNS-6—social engagement (score)

16.75 ± 6.22

9

15.38 ± 4.21

8

16.29 ± 3.50

10

14.86 ± 2.19

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

SF36 domains (score)

 Physical function

69.86 ± 28.68

9

66.39 ± 29.94

8

61.43 ± 25.77

10

59.21 ± 34.73

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

 Social function

73.44 ± 27.90

9

65.63 ± 16.02

8

71.43 ± 26.72

10

89.29 ± 19.67

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

 Emotional wellbeing

65.50 ± 13.17

9

72.5 ± 8.67

8

71.43 ± 8.46

10

74.29 ± 8.90

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

 Energy/fatigue

52.50 ± 15.81

9

54.38 ± 17.41

8

58.57 ± 15.20

10

60.71 ± 24.05

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

 Pain

65.63 ± 27.54

9

64.38 ± 22.27

8

67.86 ± 32.48.

10

74.29 ± 24.78

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

 Role limitations due to physical health

62.50 ± 51.76

9

37.50 ± 46.29

8

28.57 ± 48.80

10

64.29 ± 40.56

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

 Role limitations due to emotional problems

75.00 ± 38.83

9

45.83 ± 50.20

8

76.19 ± 37.09

10

95.24 ± 12.60

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

 General Health

61.25 ± 23.87

9

57.50 ± 17.53

8

62.14 ± 22.15

10

62.86 ± 31.07

7

19 (100)

15 (100)

Attention

 Reaction time RTIMDMT* (ms)

432.93 ± 80.17

8

402.79 ± 128.30

7

297.21 ± 22.50

7

300.5 ± 52.50

7

15 (79)

14 (93)

 Reaction time RTIMDRT* (ms)

487.00 ± 59.0

8

483.86 ± 39.78

7

458.36 ± 42.42

7

434.43 ± 60.69

7

15 (79)

14 (93)

 Rapid visual info process RVPA

0.87 ± 0.05

6

0.85 ± 0.06

6

0.89 ± 0.03

4

0.91 ± 0.06

5

10 (53)

11 (73)

 Rapid visual info process RVPMDL* (ms)

543.67 ± 136.41

6

606.67 ± 233.70

6

463.00 ± 20.50

4

445.50 ± 63.74

5

10 (53)

11 (73)

 Rapid visual info process RVPPFA*

0.05 ± 0.12

7

0.02 ± 0.02

7

0.01 ± 0.01

5

0.01 ± 0.01

5

12 (63)

12 (80)

Executive function

 Multitasking MTTLMD* (ms)

761.75 ± 178.67

8

776.75 ± 127.21

8

779.07 ± 119.56

7

801.50 ± 173.51

7

15 (79)

15 (100)

 Multitasking MTTTIC*

18.63 ± 10.94

8

20.50 ± 13.48

8

23.00 ± 21.36

7

26.00 ± 29.74

7

15 (79)

15 (100)

 Stockings of Cambridge OTSMDLFC^ (ms)

20349.38± 8126.40

8

15161.25± 5817.18

8

13575.40 ± 4915.55

5

12631.60 ± 6926.21

7

13 (68)

15 (100)

 Stockings of Cambridge OTSPSFC

6.38 ± 3.50

8

7.38 ± 3.74

8

6.60 ± 5.60

5

8.20 ± 5.59

7

13 (68)

15 (100)

 Spatial working memory SWMBE468*

22.86 ± 7.67

7

23.14 ± 4.06

8

23.14 ± 9.42

7

19.57 ± 11.69

7

14 (74)

15 (100)

 Spatial working memory SWMS*

9.71 ± 1.11

7

9.57 ± 1.81

8

9.71 ± 1.60

7

9.71 ± 1.98

7

14 (74)

15 (100)