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Table 1 Taxonomy of approaches to intervention development

From: Taxonomy of approaches to developing interventions to improve health: a systematic methods overview

Category

INDEX team definition

Defined approach

Source

1. Partnership

The people for whom the intervention aims to help are involved in decision-making about the intervention throughout the development process, having at least equal decision-making powers with members of the research team

Co-production, co-creation, co-design, co-operative design

Voorberg et al. 2015 [38]

Bessant and Maher 2009 [39]

Spencer et al. 2013 [40]

User-driven

Kushniruk and Nøhr 2016 [25]

Experience-based co-design (EBCD) and accelerated EBCD

Robert et al. 2013 [41]

Locock et al. 2014 [42]

2. Target population-centred

Interventions are based on the views and actions of the people who will use the intervention

Person-based

Yardley et al. 2015 [17]

User-centred

Erwin and Krishnan 2016 [44]

Erwin and Krishnan 2016 [45]

Erwin 2015 [43,44,45]

Human-centred design

Norman 2013 [33]

3. Theory and evidence-based

Interventions are based on combining published research evidence and formal theories (e.g. psychological or organisational theories) or theories specific to the intervention

MRC Framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions

MRC Guidance [7, 15]

Behaviour change wheel (BCW)

Michie et al. 2014 [26]

Intervention mapping (IM)

Bartholomew Eldredge et al. 2016 [27]

Matrix Assisting Practitioner’s Intervention Planning Tool (MAP-IT)

Hansen et al. 2017 [32]

Normalisation process theory (NPT)a

Murray et al. 2010 [46]

Theoretical domains framework (TDF)

French et al. 2012 [47]

4. Implementation-based

Interventions are developed with attention to ensuring the intervention will be used in the real world if effective

Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance (RE-AIM)

RE-AIM.org [48]

5. Efficiency based

Components of an intervention are tested using experimental designs to determine active components and make interventions more efficient

Multiphase optimization strategy (MOST)

Collins et al. [49]

Multi-level and fractional factorial experiments

Chakraborty 2009 [50]

Dziak et al. 2012 [50, 51]

Micro-randomisation trials

Klasnja et al. 2015 [52]

6. Stepped or phased based

Interventions are developed through emphasis on a systematic overview of processes involved in intervention development

Six essential Steps for Quality Intervention Development (6SQUID)

Wight et al. 2015 [28]

Five actions model

Fraser and Galinsky 2010 [29]

Fraser et al. 2009 [24, 29]

Obesity-Related Behavioural Intervention Trials (ORBIT)

Czajkowski et al. 2015 [34]

7. Intervention-specific

An intervention development approach is constructed for a specific type of intervention

Digital (e.g. Integrate, Design, Assess and Share (IDEAS))

Mummah et al. 2016 [30]

Horvarth et al. 2016 [30, 53]

Patient decision support or aids

Elwyn et al. 2011 [31]

Coulter et al. 2013 [31, 54]

Group interventions

Hoddinott et al. 2010 [55]

8. Combination

Existing approaches to intervention development are combined

Participatory Action Research based on theories of Behaviour Change and Persuasive Technology (PAR-BCP)

Janols and Lindgren 2017 [56]

  1. aCould be considered under implementation based approaches to intervention development because the theory is about implementation